Business Strategic Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Strategic Report - Essay Example So this is a platform which helps them in their exposure to the real world. The report is understanding the strategy of P4CK and also look into the external environment of the packaging industry. PESTLE is a memory helper which in its extended structure means P for Political, E for Economic, S for Social, T for Technological, L for Legal and E for Environmental. It gives a million of perspective of the entire environment from numerous diverse edges that one needs to check and keep a track of while pondering on a certain thought/plan (Oldroyd, 2004). All the parts of this procedure are pivotal for any industry a business may be in. More than simply understanding the business, this structure speaks to one of the vertebras of the spine of strategic management that characterizes what an organization ought to do, as well as records for an associations objectives and the methodologies stringed to them. It might be thus, that the significance of each of the variables may be diverse to various types of businesses, yet it is basic to any procedure an organization needs to create that they lead the PESTLE analysis as it structures a substantially more complete form of the SWOT analysis. The UK has a statutory maker obligation administration for packaging. This places a lawful commitment on organizations which make or use packaging to guarantee that an extension of the packaging they put available is recouped and reused. To help individuals and associations capitalize on chances to spare cash by decreasing waste, the government has distributed the Waste Prevention Program for England. The expense of keeping up labourers may be affected by the change in future pay rates as it builds consistently. The National Minimum Wage rises consistently, has gone up from  £5.93 in 2010 to  £6.50 presently. Worldwide packaging deals are anticipated to climb by 3% in 2013 and develop at a yearly rate of 4% to 201 Because of the peril issue the more

Illegal Imigrants in United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Illegal Imigrants in United States - Essay Example One school of thought agrees that the immigrants should not be granted the same benefits as the legal citizens, and thus, be deported. Another school of thought agrees that granting a legal status to the immigrants will be beneficial for both, the country and the immigrants themselves. Deporting a population of 11 million people is virtually impossible. Giving the illegal immigrants a legal status within the country has its benefits which will in turn help the economy of USA. The literacy rate in USA is high, with only 8% adults who have not completed high school. However, there are numerous industries and sectors within the country which require low-skilled and less educated labour force. These industries include construction, agriculture, food processing and maintenance. Most of the illegal immigrants are Hispanics with low level of schooling. This coupled with their illegal status forces them to work such low end jobs. Had these immigrants been deported or eliminated, the labour i ntensive sectors of the country would have suffered greatly. The effect of the decrease in productivity of these industries would have reflected in the GDP of the country. This situation is a complex one as the country fights for human rights, with many human rights activists operating within USA. At times, the illegal immigrants do not have the basic employee rights. However, if they are deported not only would they lose their jobs, but the output of these labour intensive sectors will also suffer (Hanson, 5). The wages for low skilled labour fluctuates along with the seasonal fluctuations in production and the business cycle. When the demands for goods and services increase, manufacturers require more low skilled labour and thus, pay higher per hour wage as compared to times of low demand. Since the number of green cards granted each year is fixed irrespective of the economic expansions and downturns, when producers need more labour, they have no option present, but the illegal im migrants. Eliminating illegal immigrants completely will create a labour shortage in times of economic booms and the manufacturing industry, along with many others, will not be able to take full advantage of this economic boom (Hanson, 7). One of the main reason why the government and US citizens in general are in favour of deporting the illegal immigrants, is the belief that these immigrants are encroaching within the county claiming resources which should rightfully be of the US citizens’, and overall having a detrimental effect on the economy of the country. The influx of illegal immigrants has led to an increase in the supply of low skilled labour. This has consequently put a pressure on the wages in the country. Wages for the low skilled labour have fallen, enabling the employers and business owners to generate more income and profits. The availability of low skilled labour on reduced wages has reduced the labour costs companies have to bear and made businesses more prod uctive. Since the income of the business owners have increased, they can reinvest more money in their businesses and use their resources more efficiently. This results in a net gain in the national income, known as the immigration surplus. On the whole, arrival of illegal immigrants has been the reason for an increase in the total economic output. However a portion of this additional wealth generated is

Food Advertising and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Advertising and Marketing - Essay Example Foods marketed to children are predominantly high in sugar and fat, and as such are inconsistent with national dietary recommendations. The purpose of my dissertation will be to examine the food advertising and marketing channels used to target children and adolescents and the impact of food advertising on children's eating behavior. Issue of fairness: I believe like most parents and consumer protection groups that advertising directly to children is dangerous and unethical as it can be deceptive and manipulative. It also promotes consumerism and poor nutritional habits to a defenseless target audience . To create awareness and promote stricter Regulations: In the UK, as compared to many other European nations, there are currently few policies or standards for food advertising and marketing aimed at children. For example, The Nordic countries are at the forefront of protecting children from the effects of advertising. Sweden has the strictest controls in Europe and in 1991 instituted a ban on television and radio advertising targeted at children under the age of 12. The Swedish government views advertising to children as morally and ethically unacceptable, since children have difficulty distinguishing between the purpose of advertising and other modes of communication. In Belgium, it is forbidden to broadcast commercials during children's programs as well as during the 5 minutes before and after them. (National Council of Better Business, 2003).So I believe that more research and analysis in this area is required in the UK to create more awareness of the importance of the issue at h and. This in turn would hopefully encourage the concerned authorities to introduce stricter laws to protect our children. A Need to explore all channels of Marketing: When I examined the existing body of literature review on my chosen subject, I found that majority of the focus of the current and ongoing analysis of brand promotions to children is on television advertising. While the huge impact of television advertising on vulnerable children cannot be denied, there also needs to be equal focus on other increasingly popular ways of advertising like the internet, schools, video games, movies, kid's clubs etc. A good understanding of the above mentioned marketing techniques is essential to completely eradicate the corruption of children's minds. Literature Review: Food Advertising: It is estimated that in UK , the food industry spent in excess of 0.3 billion in 1999 promoting unhealthy food products.(Advertising Association Yearbook,2000). These are processed foods which contain high levels of fat and/or sugar and/or salt and include confectionery, crisps and savory snacks, soft drinks and other so-called 'fast' or pre-prepared 'convenience' foods. In July 2001 Sustain published TV Dinners, a report which examines the nature and extent of food advertising during children's TV programmes(Sustain,2001).The study shows that between 95% and 99% of the food advertising during children's programming is for fatty and/or sugary and/or salty foods. Fatty and

Global human power Essay Example for Free

Global human power Essay Most of the victims in the novel were Frankensteins family, William, Henry, Justine and Elizabeth. These people all suffered due to the creatures anger from Frankensteins original neglect, which is what begun the hatred in the creature. It is not fair to view the creature as a human, as he was artificially created he has no human morals and has never been taught the difference between right and wrong, in the same sense that a court would never convict a baby. Although the creature did manage to master human language skills, it only pushed him further away from society as it allowed him to express his alien nature. We can see this in the novel when the creature put his hand into a fire, because the colours and heat of the fire attracted him I thrust my hand into the live embers but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain. The creature was a victim in the way that he was uneducated of the world before he stepped into it. Elizabeth can easily be portrayed as a hero in the novel as she represented a saintly soul and a living spirit of love. This lets her down however, when she attempts to save Justine in a religiously Christian based way, which was not successful. Although viewed as a hero she doesnt contain any power over other characters, just a good heart. There is controversy over whether Frankenstein could be viewed as a hero or not, as a cowardly attribute is certainly not a trait of a true hero. When the monster asked him to create a companion for him, he said no as this would enables the creatures to breed and possibly take over global human power. On the other hand he could have spared his family a lot of trouble if he had just created another being who could have possibly shown the love and understanding the creature needed. Frankenstein later realises this when he says For the first time, I felt what the duties of a creator towards his creature were, and that I ought to render him happy before I complained of his wickedness. Elizabeth, Frankensteins wife, was also a hero as she managed to bring up everyones spirits at sad times, and she continually believed in Justines innocence. This particular genre creates a need for both heroes and villains, as it is usually the case of good trying to overpower evil, or vice-versa. To conclude, I believe that there are heroes and villains, as well as victims in this novel. Most of the characters seem to change from villains, heroes and victims throughout the novel, especially the creature and Frankenstein. In my belief the creature was made to be the victim from the opening of the novel as he was neglected, uneducated and ostracised. I believe Frankenstein could have changed everything if he had befriended the creature in the first place. On the other hand Frankenstein was also an isolated individual, although his isolation from society was brought on himself. The novel shows the shallowness of people in society by showing what the monster had to endure because of his appearance, as well as the moral irresponsibility of Frankenstein as a scientist. Frankenstein was always the villain deep down as he attempted to play God, which I dont think should be attempted by any human being. He was obsessed with the fact that he could create life, but never once to considered if it was the right thing to do. I think Shelley is basing the whole novel on, not what Frankenstein actually did, but what he fails to do.  The way the creature is portrayed in 3rd person narrative allows us to see the creature as a hero, villain and a victim. I believe that the creature viewed Frankenstein as a father figure and was mentally tortured when his own creator neglected him. He had nothing to live for, except revenge.

Promoting a Healthy Lifestyle through Food

Promoting a Healthy Lifestyle through Food The Scope As part of the Occupational Health and Safety programme at my place of work (a public service small medium enterprise), I have discussed and come to an agreement with the management to deliver a workshop on the importance of eating healthy in order to prevent obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, (2013) illustrate that workplace health programs are of great potential benefit to both employers and employees. Such educational and awareness programs or strategies enable both worker and the organisation to achieve a holistic lifestyle for better healthy living. These health programs could potentially save costs on absenteeism among employees. They may also reduce the cost of overtime to replace absent employees, as well the costs to train replacements. The scope behind this program is to give employees guidance on how to choose local fresh produce, rather than the imported or preserved food. This initiative will also raise the awareness about which food to choose and the importance to read the nutritional facts label. It is scientifically proven that fresh products are more beneficial to our health than the imported or preserved ones, both in taste and in vitamin content, because they arrive at our shops soon after being harvested and thus fresher. Yates (2009) supports this theory by quoting that scientifically, meat, fruits and vegetables are more nutritious when eaten as fresh as possible. Malta has a high rate of obesity according to surveys done by the European Commission. Eurostat (2011) reports that Maltese men occupy the top position of the European obesity rankings while Maltese women placed themselves second. In their ‘Paediatric Obesity’ journal, Fox and Jago (2011) who are both established researchers in pa ediatric studies, claim that Maltese children are the second fattest on the globe. Plan of Action The presentation is aimed mainly for both employees who cook at home and those who buy their snacks from vending machines or take away snack shops making them aware of how to choose healthy options, such as choosing baked not fried food, brown bread instead of white bread, fresh instead of processed or preserved food products. The employee age bracket varies from 18 to 50+ years of age. The workshop would be planned with the human resources department and it will be held in the training room of the company. Employees will be notified by means of a letter distributed internally for at least two weeks before. The workshop would take place during working hours, one in the morning and one in the afternoon in order to give the opportunity for everyone to attend at their preferred time. The workshop will be delivered by a qualified person in the matter and illustrated with charts and pictures accompanied with some motivational quotes. To support this strategy, the vending machines will be supplied with more genuine healthy choices rather than the usual junk food as per agreement with the supplier. Another initiative is that the company will supply a service of surveillance scheme by launching free optional medical check-ups every 12 months sponsored by the company. Information and facts about eating Years of research studies were carried out to come out with the result on what is contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The WHO (2013) reported that a lifestyle based on high saturated fats, dairy products rich in fats and processed meat is the main cause for obesity and cancer reported. There is no doubt that all the food that we consume can have an important effect on our health and well being. Nestle and Nesheim (2012) reports that the daily average calories consumed by men must be not more 2,500 calories while women must consume 2,000 calories supported with some physical exercise. To lose weight, one must either consume fewer calories than needed or burn calories through physical activity. The combination of both is the ideal way to obtain fat loss while maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Anyone who eats more calories than he/she burns will put on weight as the extra calories are stored as fat by the body. Therefore, with the right diet and by controlling eating habits and with a routine of physical activity, any person can lose weight. The benefits of eating healthily are; having more energy, self-confidence, a healthier heart, respiratory and circulatory system (Hunter, 2003). Nowadays, the best method to of determining the ideal body weight is by measurement kn own as Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI can be calculated by dividing the body weight in kilograms by the square of body height in meters (Kg/(m)2) and the ideal BMI reading should be 20 to 22. If it is more than 30 there would be the need for a change in lifestyle and to eat healthy and exercise more often. Ideally, this needs to be a way life and not a short term quick fix. During the presentation information and guide tips will be given to the employees on how to choose the right food and drink wisely. This presentation will also explain how the body works and how important it is to eat the right food and take smaller portions regularly. Carbohydrates are the main energy source for the human body. Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of foods such as wheat, potatoes and pasta. Food rich in carbohydrates is ideal to be taken in the morning since carbohydrates are what give energy to the body. Some popular diets project carbohydrates as the source that generates body fat and obesity build up. However, the truth is that we do need carbohydrates in our diet, but not exceeding the required amount and not those containing unhealthy fats. For instance, wholegrain carbohydrates are the best choice since they contain vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients that are essential for good health. Lack of carbohydrates will make you feel weak and without drive, so one should not cut them completely but choosing healthy options. â€Å"Protein is found throughout the body, in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body part or tissue† (Harvard School of Public Health, 2014). Protein builds up, maintains, and replaces the muscle tissues in our body. The human body is made up of at least 10,000 proteins. However, the body functioning system does not store amino acids. On the other hand, it does store carbohydrates and fat. Therefore a daily intake of amino acids is needed to build new protein. Best protein sources with law saturated fat is found in lean beef, chicken or turkey breast, liver, fish, eggs, dairy products such as cottage cheese, nuts (almonds and hazelnuts), seeds, beans and lentils. It is highly important to choose the right protein in your food choices since some protein is rich in saturated fats. Beans, vegetables, and whole grains, are the best choice, as they are rich in healthy fibre, vitamins, and minerals. Almonds and hazelnuts are rich in healthy fats. Fish, chicken bre ast and beef liver are considered as the best animal protein and if you go for red meat try to choose the leanest cuts and try to avoid pork, lamb and processed meat such as burgers, sausages, breaded fish/poultry since the latter contain high amount of fats. If someone decides to dine out, as starter one could avoid high carbohydrates foods such as pasta and instead have an antipasto involving salmon, which is rich in protein and vitamin D and Omega 3. Apart from the calories and carbohydrates pasta contains, the sauces that go with it are mostly fat laden and therefore as a starter it would already be too filling. One can also opt for chicken salad, soup or skip the starter altogether. As a dressing, one can go for squeezed lemon, olive oil or balsamic vinegar instead of mayonnaise. As main course, one could opt for fish steak, lean fillet, or chicken breast and avoid processed or fried food. Instead of fries one can choose baked potatoes and try to cut down the bread intake. As a dessert, instead of indulging in a high calorie cake rich in sugars and fats one can opt to fruit salad which at least contains natural fructose and vitamins. In this manner, one can be enjoying food which is still tasty but is healthier. As a drink, it will b e ideally that one will opt to drink water or a glass of dry wine rather than soft drinks which contain a large amount of calories and sugars. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are non-beneficial to the human body. It is understood that these beverages are contributing to diabetes and heart disease. Harvard School of Public Health (2014), argue that by cutting down sugar-sweetened beverage intake will reduce the risk of obesity-related illnesses and that such statement is backed up with sufficient scientific evidence. A snapshot of the presentation’s content: Avoiding illness through the food we eat By the end of 1945, the Life Expectancy (LE) of EU citizens started to increase. There were improvements in the sanitary system, more epidemiological data and more quality improvements in medical cure. Furthermore, statistics estimate issued by the Malta Statistics Office reveal that the LE of a person born in Malta in 2013 is 82.2 for females and 78.0 for men (NSO, 2013). The World Health Organisation (WHO) has long since been promoting healthy eating patterns. As much as humans need clean air and access to water, food is a vital necessity for human health but it has to be healthy. Our health is particularly affected by agriculture and the other sectors involved with food supply. Therefore, to promote a healthy way of living there must be ongoing publicity to instruct the public the benefit of eating healthy food (Danzon, 2000). Nevertheless, although life expectancy in Malta has increased, statistics still show that the average Maltese person spends 7.1 years (9% of LE) with illnes s, due to lack of adequate knowledge about health (WHO, 2005). Hunter (2003) argued that by being obese, one is subject to high probability risk to serious health issues such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, reproductive disorders, gallstones, osteoarthritis and certain type of cancer. Moreover, the WHO (2005) issued a report about non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Malta and such illnesses accounted for about 84%. NCD vary from heart disease, stroke (cerebrovascular accident), cancer disease, chronic lung disease and diabetes. Food produced locally Healthy eating campaigns promote the intake of small portions of healthy food every three hours to prevent weight increase, whilst related research studies acknowledge that the lack of combined healthy nutrients increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2000). Moreover, locally produced vegetables and fruits are fresher, with high source of nutrients content than the stored produce that are imported. Imports have the disadvantage of long distance travelling until they reach our market. During transportation, the source of nutrients is highly likely to be reduced while repetitive exposure to oxygen may quicken the deterioration process as oxidation may change its composition. The Food Revolution (2014) argue that since the food system is dominated by a few producers, when there is no other option for healthy food, the industrial food production methods (un-healthy) are determining our well-being. WHO (2000) stretches out that by having at hand the availability and the acce ssibility of fresh produce, there will be less need to buy long shelf-life products, with lack of vitamins and minerals and abounding in high calories, preservatives, salt and sugars. Farming and fishing is part of the Maltese heritage, so promoting healthy and fresh produce contributes to the local market, a good economy and a healthy lifestyle. Expected outcome Through this information awareness workshop, I hope that the targeted audience will choose to eat healthier, to buy more fresh local produce and to start preparing their food for their working day cooked in their kitchen, rather than buying junk food from the vending machines or take away shops. Due to family commitments, responsibilities, and other social obligations, for the majority of people engaged in a full time job, the maintenance of their individual well-being is often seen as a difficult task to meet with all the day demands. The adoption ofhealthy behaviourswill reduce risks for life threatening diseases from developing, it will reduce their associated costs and moreover it will improve the quality of life (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013).This will hopefully help out in today’s fast paced world and also help to minimise the consumption of ready-made and fast foods which are contributing to ill-health, obesity and disease. This is costing the govern ment and employers millions in treatments and in sick pay and medical support. Moreover, it is hoped that following these guidelines will help to extend a good quality of life and reaching WHO-Europe’s aims and goals. Such targets are that by the year 2015, our society will adapt to healthy patterns of living by having good quality of air, access to water and a lifestyle based on healthy eating and physical activity.

The Ability Of Sound To Shatter Glass Environmental Sciences Essay

The Ability Of Sound To Shatter Glass Environmental Sciences Essay There is a myth that claims that the piercing voice of the soprano vocalist has the power to shatter a wine glass. In this media-driven world, we are often shown television portrayals of such events; there is also evidence and personal testimony that supports the statement. Scientific research has also proved that sound can break a glass and the laws of physics have proven that this is possible through sound resonance. In this extended essay, I will compare the ability of sound to shatter glass through using different sized beakers and also different shapes of glass. The significance of this experiment is to relate the physics concept with our lives. During my experimentation, three different sizes of beaker and three different shapes of glass have been utilised to test the ability of sound to shatter glass through using the laws of physics. All the beakers and glasses are made of the same glass and are of the same thickness. The experiment is conducted by resonating the glass and beaker at its natural frequency. The glass and beaker will vibrate when sound waves are emitted to the wall of the glass. In order to shatter the glass, the amplitude of the sound is increased until the glass shatters. If lower amplitude is needed to shatter the glass, this will indicate that the glass is more easily shattered. All the three different sizes of beakers and three different shapes of glass will then be compared. . The results show that actually the smaller sized beaker is more easily shattered when compared to the bigger sized beaker; the results also demonstrate that the beaker glass is more easily shattered when compared to the wineglass, which is curved inwards and outwards at the rim. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 SCOPE OF WORK I have studied about sound waves and its subtopic which is resonance in Physics at High School and also during my diploma programme. .But I was disappointed to find that I couldnt locate any literature that explores how the sound waves can shatter glass through sound resonance. This essay is an attempt to study the phenomenon that involves the factors that affect the vibration of glass through the emission of sound waves of the glasss natural frequency Shattering of glass can be because of many factors. Thus I set myself the objective of doing this research which is to determine whether changing the size of glass will affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter glass. Another objective of this essay is to investigate whether changing the shape of glass will affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter glass. Therefore, my research will be based on the two objectives. To achieve the objectives in this research I have posed two research questions which are: Research Questions: Does changing the size of the beaker affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass through sound resonance? Does changing the shape of the glass affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass through sound resonance? 1.2 Background Information and Literature: The most important thing about this essay is to know the basic information that makes the experiment related to the physics concept. In this essay the main physics concept that will be talked about is sound resonance. Using this concept, the glasses will be forced to vibrate at their respective natural frequencies until they shatter into smithereens. There are several key terms that need to be clarified before performing the research. The first term would be the natural frequency. The natural frequency is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of external force  [1]  . Another term that is important is resonance. Resonance is the state which the frequency of the externally applied periodic force equals the natural frequency of the system.  [2]  .All objects have their own resonance frequency. This includes glasses. 2.0 Research Question This extended essay will be guided by two research questions. The research questions formed were set to be the parameters of this essay. First research question: Research Question: Does changing the size of the beaker affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass by sound resonance? Three beakers with different diameters of rim of glass are used to test the ability of sound waves to break the beakers. Type of glass Size of glass Diameter of rim of glass, cm ( ±0.01cm) Beaker A Small 6.28 Beaker B Medium 9.46 Beaker C Large 11.39 Table 2.01: Size of the glass and the diameter of the rim of the glass for Beakers A and B and C Second Research Question: Research Question: Does changing the shape of the glass affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass by sound resonance? Different glass can be moulded into different kinds of shape. Different shapes of glass are used to test the ability of sound waves to break the glass at its natural frequency. Type of glass Diameter of rim of glass/cm Shape of the glass Beaker A 6.28 Straight shape Wineglass A 6.13 Curvature (inwards at the rim) Wineglass B 6.31 Curvature (outwards at the rim) Table 2.02: The table of the diameter of the rim of the glass, the shape of the glass for Beaker A , Wineglass A and Wineglass B. 3.0 Variables Experiment I Dependent: The amplitude of the sound waves needed to shatter the glass. Independent: The size of the beaker used. Constant: The natural frequency of the glass, the thickness, type and shape of the glass. Experiment II Dependent: The amplitude of the sound waves needed to shatter the glass. Independent: The shape of the glass being used (beaker and wineglass). Constant: The natural frequency of the glass, the thickness, type and size of the glass. 4.0 Apparatus and Materials Apparatus Quantity 1000ml beaker 1 600ml beaker 1 150ml beaker 1 Wineglass 1 Wineglass with outwards curvature at the rim 1 Metal spoon 1 Microphone 1 Headphones 1 Eye Goggles 1 60 Watt Speaker/Amplifier(Roland Cube 60X) 1 Cool Edit Pro 2.0 (Frequency analyzer)-laptop 1 Signal/Frequency generator(Programmable analysis software) 1 Vernier Calliper 1 In this experiment, most of the apparatus and material were available at the science laboratory. The apparatus and materials used are: Table 4.1 Table of list of apparatus and materials and the quantity used. 5.0 Methodology 5.1 Safety Precaution The experiment must be done by wearing eye goggles and headset/earplugs because of the danger posed by shattering glass and due to the hazard posed by the high pitched sound. 5.2 Making a measurement for the frequency of glass Frequency is very important in this experiment. Frequency of the glass can be determined by hearing the ping sound produced when hitting the glass with a metal spoon. But it will only show the qualitative result which is not the actual frequency of the glass. In order to get the quantitative data for the frequency of the glass, a microphone was used and connected to a laptop so that the sound could be analyzed by using the software, Cool Edit Pro 2.0 by Syntrillium Software Corporation. The software Cool Edit Pro 2.0 detects the sound produced by the glass and changes the sound into a Sine-wave. The wave form will be very dense and close to each other. A stable form of sine wave needs to be chosen in order to find the period for the wave. The frequency of the glass can be found by using the formula: Where, f = frequency of glass T = period of glass The frequency that measured is the frequency of the glass. Then the frequency needs to be trailed around  ±100 Hz to get the actual natural frequency of the glass that can resonate the glass easily. Experiment I and Experiment II The steps for Experiment I and Experiment II are the same. The only difference is that for Experiment I, three beakers with a different diameter at the mouth of the glass are used. Measure the diameter of the glasses using vernier callipers and label it as Beaker A, Beaker B and Beaker C. Then, for Experiment II, three type of glass are used: a beaker, a wineglass with an inward curvature and a wineglass with an outward curvature. The glasses are labeled as Beaker A, Wineglass A and Wineglass B. After that, for Experiment I, Beaker A is taken to start the first experiment. The frequency for Beaker A is found by using the steps as stated earlier. Roland Cube 60X, an amplifier with a built in loudspeaker which is capable of generating more than 110dB of power of sound is used to shatter the glass. Place the beaker very near to the speaker to so that it is in full contact with the glass. The frequency of the sound is generated by using a frequency signal generator. The frequency signal generator will produce sound waves with the desired frequency, generated by the Roland Cube 60X. The frequency generated will be tested on the beaker; a straw is put into the beaker to see the vibration of the beaker. Then, the volume of the sound is increased until the beaker expands and shatters. The amplitude of sound produced by the Roland Cube 60X that caused the glass to shatter is then recorded. All the data is recorded in a table .The experiment is then repeated by using the Beaker B followed by Beaker C. All the steps for Experiment I are then repeated in Experiment II. In this experiment the glasses are changed into three different shapes of glass: Beaker A, Wineglass A and Wineglass B. 6.0 Data Collection and Processing This section explains the data collected after the experiment was conducted. All the data was taken when tabulated into the table as shown in the table below: Experiment 1 Type of glass Diameter of rim of glass/cm ( ±0.01cm) Frequency of the glass calculated, Hz ( ±1Hz) Actual Natural Frequency of the glass,Hz ( ±1Hz) Amplitude of sound needed , dB( ±1dB) Beaker A 6.28 1515 1466 123 Beaker B 9.46 689 747 128 Beaker C 11.39 625 658 130 Table 6.1: Table of Diameter of rim of glass , natural frequency, the actual natural frequency and the amplitude of the sound needed to break the beaker A,B and C The highest frequency calculated is Beaker A, followed by Beaker B then Beaker C. In this experiment, Beaker A only needs 123 dB to reach its elastic limit. Beaker B needs 128 dB to be broken into pieces while Beaker C is the hardest to shatter, needing 130 dB amplitude of sound to break the beaker. Experiment 2 The data from the second experiment was tabulated in the table below. Type of glass Diameter of rim of glass/cm ( ±0.01cm) Frequency of the glass calculated, Hz ( ±1Hz) Actual Natural Frequency of the glass,Hz ( ±1Hz) Amplitude of sound needed , dB( ±1dB) Beaker A 6.28 1515 1466 125 Wineglass A 6.13 1250 1153 132 Wineglass B 6.17 1449 1388 Cannot be broken Table 6.2: Table of Diameter of rim of glass, natural frequency, the actual natural frequency and the amplitude of the sound needed to break the Beaker A, Wineglasses A and B In this experiment, the highest natural frequency for the glasses is Beaker A. Wineglass B is the second highest followed by Wineglass A. All of the glasses are shattered at their natural frequency except for Wineglass B. Wineglass B cannot be broken, which will be explained in the discussion section of this paper. 7.0 Discussion and Analysis 7.1 How glass can be shattered This part of extended essay will explain the actual concept of how a glass can be shattered. There are several factors that will affect the ability of sound to break a glass. The sound wave used to resonate the glass must be of a high pitch and it will start to make the object vibrate. The constructive interference occurring at the glass walls make the vibration of the glass more visible. Then the following conditions will happen: Figure 7.1a Figure 7.1b Figure 7.1 Figure of an exaggerated example of the view of the rim of the glass from the top view when the sound wave is generated to the glass In the diagram above, it shows that in figure 7.1a, there will be four nodes when the sound wave is resonated to the glass. This type of condition occurs if the frequency generated is the same as the natural frequency of the glass and the amplitude of the sound produced is high. If the amplitude is further increased, the shape of the ellipsoidal rim will increase until it reaches an elastic point until the glass shatters. Comparatively, the diagram in figure 7.1b shows there will be six nodes produced when a higher or lower frequency than the natural frequency of the glass is used to resonate the glass. This is not the most efficient frequency for the oscillation of the glass. Thus the rim of the glass will vibrate in all directions. Below are the properties that will occur when the glass resonates: When sound waves are generated to the wall of glass, constructive interference will occur and the glass will oscillate inwards and turn into an ellipsoidal-like shape at A as shown in the figure. The ellipsoidal-like shape which oscillates inwards will be reflected back to its original position as it doesnt have enough energy (amplitude of sound) to reach its elastic limit B The reflected oscillation of the glass will then exceed its actual rim position as it will oscillate in an ellipsoidal-like shape outwards of the actual rim shape at B. The oscillation will continue as long as the frequency generated is the same as the natural frequency of the glass. But to exceed the elasticity limit of the glass, a higher amplitude of sound wave needs to be generated. A longer ellipsoidal-like shape will be produced. Later will exceed the elastic limit and break the glass into pieces. Diagram 7.2- Properties of wineglass when it undergoes resonance If a different frequency rather than its natural frequency is used, more nodes of oscillation will be produced and it is harder to break as it doesnt reach the glass elasticity limit, as shown in diagram above. The lower number of nodes produced, the further the stretch of the oscillation will be. 7.2 The quality factor (Q-factor) Q factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how under-damped an oscillator or resonator is  [3]  . It is known that Q factor is inversely proportional with damping  [4]  . The Q factor can be determined by measuring the time taken for the glass from rim to steady mode and has the highest resonance frequency. In the experiment of shattering of glass using sound resonance, the glass cannot be affected by any damping massively. Damping is the decrease in the amplitude of an oscillating system  [5]  . Damping will oppose the direction of vibration of the glass so that it can reduce the glasss vibration. Thus for shattering a glass, the glass with a high Q factor is the best as it will have less damping and higher resonance frequency. Experiment I ( size of the beaker) In this experiment the only difference between the beakers is the size of the beakers. It brings a difference to the amplitude of the sound wave needed to break the glass. After the experiment has been done, it becomes clear that there is a connection between the size of the beaker and the ability of the sound to break the glass. From the result, it can be seen that smaller sized glass beaker will break more easily when sound wave of its natural frequency is directed to the wall of the glass. However, it is hard to investigate the exact math relationship between the natural frequency of the glass and the amplitude of the sound wave needed to break the glass. The high amplitude is used to expand the solid state of the glass to a more elastic shape ( liquid state characteristic) of the glass so that the intermolecular forces between the particles can be overcome. In this experiment, the easiest glass to break by sound resonance is Beaker A as the amplitude needed to break the glass is the lowest when compared to the other beakers. This is because the beaker has a high resonance frequency. When the resonance frequency of the beaker is high, the beaker will vibrate more in a period of time. Since the glass is vibrating at a high frequency, the damping effect on the glass less effective. As small beakers will have a low damping effect, the elastic limit for the glass will also be lower. Thus less energy (amplitude of sound) needed to shatter the glass. So for the Beaker A, the size of the beaker is small, the resonance frequency is high and the damping effect is low, thus the quality factor for the glass is high. That is why lower amplitude of sound is required to shatter Beaker A For Beaker B, higher amplitude of sound is needed to break the beaker. This because the size of the glass is bigger than Beaker A. Beaker B will have a lower resonant frequency compared to Beaker A. This is because the natural frequency of Beaker B is lower when compared to Beaker A. Thus there will be less vibration of the particles of glass per second. As the resonant frequency of the glass is lower when compared to Beaker A, the damping for Beaker B will be higher when compared to Beaker A. Therefore, the elastic limit for the glass to break will also be higher when compared to Beaker A. Since damping is inversely proportional to Q factor, thus the Q factor of Beaker B will be lower when compared to Beaker A,. Thus it will require a higher concentration of energy (amplitude of sound) to reach the four nodes mode oscillation of glass and later to exceed the elastic limit of the glass. The hardest beaker to shatter is Beaker C. This is because the size of Beaker C is bigger than Beaker B and Beaker A. In this case, the glass with the lowest resonance frequency is Beaker C. This is because the frequency of Beaker C is very low when compared to the other two beakers. Lower frequency means a lower number of vibrations of the particles of glass per second. Thus there will be a higher damping effect for Beaker C. Damping will oppose the force of the vibration, thus making it harder for the glass to resonate. The Q factor for Beaker C is the lowest compared to Beakers B and A. Thus the amplitude needed to break Beaker C will be the highest as the beaker need more energy to reach the beakers elastic limit. What is needed for the glass is to have a strong resonance where it will vibrate at a higher resonant frequency, with less damping effect and a high Q factor. Then it is possible to force the beaker to vibrate with a bigger displacement and then break. Experiment II ( Shape of the glass) In this experiment, the most important factor that is manipulated is the shape of the glass. The shapes used in this experiment consist of shapes that have tall sides and sides with curvature. These two shapes of glass can be broken easily by sound resonance because of the structure of glass that has a certain type of periodic structure. The connection between the sound resonance and the periodic structure of the glass makes the vibration of the glass stronger. Strong vibration can reach the four nodes mode of the glass until it reaches the elastic limit of the glass. The shape of Beaker A is with less curve and more tall sides when compared to the wine glass with curved inward or outward sides of glass. The amplitude needed to break Beaker A, Wineglass A and Wineglass B are not the same as the shape of the side wall of the glass will play a major role in the ability of sound to break the glass. When comparing all three type of glass, the glass most easily shattered is Beaker A. Having a glass with tall sides with minimum curve promotes better vibration of the glass and makes it easier to break. This is because; there will be less damping effect that will occur when using Beaker A. The tall sides with minimum curve will reduce the damping effect of the beaker. Since the damping effect for Beaker A is low, the resonance frequency of Beaker A will be high and thats why the natural frequency of the beaker A is the highest. Since the Q factor is inversely proportional to the damping effect, thus Beaker A has the highest Q factor. Thats why lower ampli tude of sound is needed to shatter the beaker when compared to Wineglasses A and B. The curved shape of Wineglass A makes it hard for the glass to resonate at its natural frequency. Curved walls make the glass wall more suitable for damping. Due to the damping effect, the structure of the curvature in the wall can easily reshape to its actual position even though it vibrates under sound resonance. This will increase the elastic limit of the glass thus making it harder for Wineglass A to shatter. Thats why Wineglass A needs higher amplitude of sound to break the glass when compared to Beaker A. As the damping effect for Wineglass A is higher than Beaker A, thus the resonance frequency of wineglass A is lower when compared to Beaker B and the Q factor for Wineglass A is lower when compared to Beaker B. Thus Wineglass A is more resistant to being broken by sound resonance when compared to Beaker A. In contrast, Wineglass B is different from Wineglass A and Beaker A. This is because Wineglass B cannot be shattered even though 140 decibels of sound are emitted to the glass. The shape of the wineglass itself causes it to stay rigid and it cannot be shattered. The shape of Wineglass B is curved outwards at the rim of the glass. The shape of Wineglass B makes the wineglass easier for damping. This is because, when Wineglass B is resonated at its natural frequency, it is hard for constructive interference to occur between the waves as damping occurs easily. The damping effect of Wineglass B is higher when compared to Wineglass A and Beaker A as the shape of Wineglass B is not a periodic structure. Though the natural frequency of Wineglass B is higher than Wineglass A , Wineglass B still cannot be shattered into pieces because the energy supplied to the glass is not enough to overcome the high damping effect of the glass. Thus in this experiment, glass with sides which dont curve in t oo much at the top and also have tall sides of wall of the glass are most easily shattered by using sound resonance. Conclusion and Evaluation There are several factors that affect the shattering of glass such as the size of the glass, the shape of the glass, the thickness of the glass and also the type of glass used. In this experiment, the research concerned the question: does changing the size of the beaker affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass? After conducting the experiment, it can be seen that in Experiment I, the lowest amplitude needed to break the glass is on the smallest beaker which is Beaker A. It only needs amplitude of 123dB to shatter a glass with diameter of 6.28cm The second easiest size of glass to be broken by sound resonance is Beaker B; it only needs an amplitude of 128dB to shatter a glass with the diameter of 9.46cm. The most difficult beaker to shattered through sound is Beaker C as it needs an amplitude of 130dB to shatter a glass with diameter of 11.39cm. This answers the research question as there is a pattern to the ability of sound to shatter glass: the smaller the size of t he beaker, the easier it is for the glass to be shattered as it requires lower amplitude of sound. Thus the size of glass plays an important role in determining the amplitude of sound needed to break the glass. For the second experiment, the investigation was based on the research question of does changing the shape of the glass affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass by sound resonance? The result from the experiment proves that the less the curvature of wall of the glass, the more easily the glass is shattered by sound resonance. In this experiment, Beaker A has the lowest curvature structure of the wall and it requires 125 dB of amplitude of sound to shatter the glass. It is followed by the Wineglass A with the wall curved inwards. Wineglass A needs a sound with amplitude of 132dB to shatter the glass. Wineglass B cannot be shattered by sound resonance. Thus the Wineglass B is the hardest to shatter by sound resonance when compared to Beaker A and Wineglass A. Thus a different shape of glass needs a different amplitude of sound to shatter it and in this experiment Beaker A is the easiest to shatter. The method used in this research is not the most efficient way to find the amplitude of sound needed to break glass. This is because there are weaknesses and limitations to this experiment that can affect the results of the experiment. One of the weaknesses of the experiment was the calculation of the natural frequency of the glass. The natural frequency of the glass, which was calculated by using the software Cool Edit Pro, was not accurate enough. That is why to get the actual natural frequency of the glass was hard because we need to trail at about  ±100Hz. This is because when recording the sound produced when the glass is hit by a metal spoon, there will invariably be a background sound recorded along with the sound from the glass. Thus this will affect the frequency of the glass calculated. Instead of using the microphone and Cool Edit Pro, another device can be used to detect the frequency of the glass: a frequency analyser. Another weakness of the experiment was that the sound generated by the amplifier wasnt concentrated enough upon the glass. This is because there might have been leakage of the sound energy. The size of the amplifier was very big and the sound directed to the glass was not efficient enough, thus it will have excited the glass in an inefficient way. But this can be overcome by using a compression driver. This is because the compression driver has a small diaphragm. Thus it can concentrate and direct the sound into one side of the glass wall. This way of generating sound is more efficient when compared to using Roland Cube 60X. The sound from the compression driver also needs to be generated close to the wall of the glass. To reduce the leakage of the sound, a Perspex box should be used so that all the sound energy will be concentrated upon the glass. The biggest limitation of the research is that the apparatus that can be found in the college library makes it hard to break the glass efficiently. This is why it is hard to break the wineglass and also the beaker at its natural frequency. The apparatus that was used from the college laboratory made it impossible to perform extensive research into the experiment. That is why it is hard to break Wineglass B with the apparatus. The apparatus that can be improved is using a compression driver instead of the loudspeaker/amplifier. Other than that, instead of detecting the volume by using the amplifier, a volume meter in decibels should be used so that a more accurate measurement of the amplitude of sound can be measured. The experiment can be extended into more in depth research by using a greater variety of sizes of glasses so that a pattern can be seen for the volume of sound needed to shatter the glass. Other than that, a greater variety of different shapes of glass also should be used so that a standard measurement of the volume of the sound needed to shatter the glass can be calculated. This experiment is important as it will explore the effect of sound resonance upon our lives. Sound resonance can vibrate any object in the world, thus this experiment has been to explore the beauty of the mechanical resonance that can distort the shape of glass.

The Black Jacobins Essay examples -- Essays Papers

The Black Jacobins The San Domingo revolution led to the abolition of slavery, independence of Haiti from France and the proclamation of a black republic. However, unlike many historians, CLR James in his work, The Black Jacobins, does not depict the struggle for independence as merely a slave revolt which happened to come after the French Revolution. He goes beyond providing only a recount of historical events and offers an intimate look at those who primarily precipitated the fall of French rule, namely the black slaves themselves. In doing so, James offers a perspective of black history which empowers the black people, for they are shown to actually have done something, and not merely be the subject of actions and attitudes of others. Even before the actual revolt, the slaves were not men who merely resisted; they were not passive objects. James offers graphic detail of the random and frequent beatings, killings and tortures in order to show the immense brutality of San Domingo's slavery. The severity and harshness of the slavery was due primarily to the fact that the colonists understood that "To cow [the slaves] into the necessary docility and acceptance necessitated a regime of calculated brutality and terrorism" (12) Throughout his account of San Domingos' slavery, James maintains the perseverance of the humanity of the slave population. The slaves did not succumb to their conditions by becoming inanimate objects devoid of any human qualities. Although the "majority of the slaves accommodated themselves to [the] brutality by a profound fatalism and a wooden stupidity before their masters", the slaves still maintained their intelligence and creativity. "The difficulty was that though one could trap them like animals, transport them in pens, work them alongside an ass or a horse and beat both with the same stick, stable them and starve them, they remained, despite their black skins and curly hair, quite invincibly human beings; with the intelligence and resentments of human beings" (11-12). Moreover, it "was this intelligence which refused to be crushed, these latent possibilities, that frightened the colonists, as it frightens the whites in Africa to-day" (18). Throughout The Black Jacobins, James emphasizes the struggle, the tension between the demands made by the society and the human need for expression. Although, "Many s... ...er the revolution, the mentality of the people of San Domingo was foreover changed. Slavery would never be accepted again by the inhabitants. "Any regime which tolerated such practices was doomed, for the revolution had created a new race of men" (242). This new race of men were aware of their self-importance. "There was no need to be ashamed of being a black. The revolution had awakened them, had given them the possibility of achievement, confidence and pride. That psychological weakness, that feeling of inferiority with which the imperialists poison colonial peoples everywhere, these were gone" (244). Thus, in The Black Jacobins, James does much more than retell the story of the San Domingo revolution. He shows the slave revolt to be an empowering example for all liberation movements. Thus, James hopes to stimulate the coming emancipation of Africa as well. James concludes The Black Jacobins by noting that "Imperialism vaunts its exploitation of the wealth of Africa for the benefit of civilisation. In reality, from the very nature of its system of production for profit it strangles the real wealth of the continent-the creative capacity of the African people" (377).